Graduate versus Non-Graduate Entrepreneurs in Urban Malaysia: Involvement in SMEs and Micro SMEs

Abstract

This study explores the involvement of graduate and non-graduate entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and micro-SMEs in urban Malaysia, highlighting the distinct roles both groups play in the country’s entrepreneurial landscape. SMEs and micro-SMEs significantly contribute to Malaysia's economic development, making it essential to understand the factors influencing entrepreneurial participation. Through a comprehensive literature review, we examine the motivations, skills, barriers, and opportunities faced by graduate and non-graduate entrepreneurs. Employing a mixed-methods research design, we gather data through surveys and interviews with urban Malaysian entrepreneurs to assess their demographics, business performance, growth aspirations, and challenges. Our findings reveal notable differences and similarities between the two groups, particularly concerning their educational backgrounds and the impact on their business decisions. Furthermore, case studies of selected entrepreneurs offer deep insights into their unique journeys, strategies, and success factors. This research provides valuable policy recommendations for supporting both graduate and non-graduate entrepreneurs, along with practical tips to enhance their venture success in the urban Malaysian context. Ultimately, this study aims to contribute to a better understanding of how education influences entrepreneurial success and to inform future research directions in this relevant field.