Organisational culture, affective commitment, employee competency, and Malaysian rail employees’ job performance
Abstract
Rail transport sector in Malaysia is one of the major economic growth contributor. Due to its importance, government has been allocating large sum of fund to improve rail transport sector among others include new railway lines, maintenance of trains and systems improvement. The ultimate aim is to provide effective and efficient train services to the users in improving quality of life. In this regard, rail employees play major role in ensuring efficient services. However, problems still prevail which include quality of services and accidents that affecting users and government’s image. The problems are closely related to the employees in respect of their performance in managing train operations. Hence, there is great significance to examine factors that influence rail employees job performance. This paper provides a literature review on the relationship between organisational culture, employee competency and affective commitment on job performance..
Full text article
References
Alghusin, N., & Al-Ajlouni, M. I. (2020). Transformational leadership as an antecedent for organisational commitment and job performance in the banking sector of Jordan. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, 30(2), 186–213. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPQM.2020.107814
Amiril, A., Narawi, A. H., Takim, R., & Ab-Latif, S. (2017). The barriers to sustainable railway infrastructure projects in Malaysia. The Social Sciences, 12(5), 769–775. http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/sscience/2017/769-775.pdf
APAD (2013). Rancangan Induk Pengangkutan Awam Darat Negara.
APAD (2020). Statistik Penumpang Tahunan Rel di Semenanjung Malaysia Bagi Tahun 2017-2020.
Agensi Pengangkutan Awam Darat. https://www.apad.gov.my/index.php/doclink/2020-rel-jumlah-penumpang-tahunan-sem-malaysia
Arokiasamy, A., & Hon Tat, H. (2019). Organizational culture, job satisfaction and leadership style influence on organizational commitment of employees in private higher education institutions (PHEI) in Malaysia. Amazonia Investiga, 8(19), 191–206. https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/220
Bambale, S. A., Abdul malik, I., & Mohammed Kamselen, K. (2020). Service quality on Electric Train Services (ETS) in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. The Journal of Management Theory and Practice (JMTP), 3, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.37231/jmtp.2020..0.42
Basyir, M., & Yusof, T. A. (2021). LRT Accidents: Train Hostler Suspended Pending Committee Investigation. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/05/693104/lrt-accident-train-hostler-suspended-pending-committee-investigation
Bešinović, N. (2020). Resilience in railway transport systems: A literature review and research agenda. Transport Reviews, 40(4), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2020.1728419
Bhardwaj, B., & Kalia, N. (2021). Contextual and task performance: Role of employee engagement and organizational culture in hospitality industry. Vilakshan - XIMB Journal of Management,
ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/xjm-08-2020-0089
Bizri, R., Wahbi, M., & Al Jardali, H. (2021). The impact of CSR best practices on job performance: the mediating roles of affective commitment and work engagement. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/joepp-01-2020-0015
Borman, & Motowidlo. (2009). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 43(1), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3
Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture based on the competing values framework (Third Edit). Jossey-Bass. https://www.pdfdrive.com/diagnosing-and-changing-organizational-culture-based-on-the-competing-values-framework-e157079945.html
Campbell, J. P. (2012). Behavior, performance, and effectiveness in the twenty-first century. In The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Psychology (Vol. 1, Issue April 2018, pp. 1–67). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199928309.013.0006
Campbell, J. P., J., M., & Wise, L. L. (1990). Modeling Job Performance in a Population of Jobs.
Personnel Psychology, 43(2), 313–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1990.tb01561.x
Catalano, G., Daraio, C., Diana, M., Gregori, M., & Matteucci, G. (2019). Efficiency, effectiveness, and impacts assessment in the rail transport sector: a state-of-the-art critical analysis of current research. International Transactions in Operational Research, 26(1), 5–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.12551
Chuang, Y., Chiang, H., & Lin, A. (2019). Helping behaviors convert negative affect into job satisfaction and creative performance: The moderating role of work competence. Personnel Review, 48(6), 1530–1547. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2018-0038
Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. Organization Science Organization science : A journal of the Institute of Management Sciences.
, 1995, Vol.6(2), p.204-223 https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.6.2.204
Derahim, N., Arifin, K., Aiyub, K., Sahimi, A. S., Nik Mansor, N. R., & Johari, M. (2019).
Assessment of employee safety climate on organization: Malaysia city rail transport system management. Asian Journal of Environment, History and Heritage, 3(2), 103–112.
Dewi, P., Budiyanto, & Agustedi. (2020). The role of interpersonal communication in moderating the effect of work competence and stress on employee performance. Accounting, 6(7), 1217–1226. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2020.9.005
Di Stefano, G., Scrima, F., & Parry, E. (2019). The effect of organizational culture on deviant behaviors in the workplace. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(17), 2482–2503. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1326393
Dinc, M. S., Kuzey, C., & Steta, N. (2018). Nurses’ job satisfaction as a mediator of the relationship between organizational commitment components and job performance. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 33(2), 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2018.1464930
Fareed, M., Mohd Isa, M. F., & Mohd Noor, W. S. W. (2016). Human resource professionals’ effectiveness, organizational culture and high performance work system link: Evidence from Pakistan. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6(7SpecialIssue), 335–344, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose-Vargas-Hernandez/publication/26844794_Atenquique's_environmental_and_economic_development_sh rinkage_in_Globalization_era/links/0c9605255db02b535e000000/Atenquiques-environmental-and-economic-development-shrinkage-in-Globalization-era.pdf#page=136
Gichuki, M. M., & Munjuri, M. G. (2018). Influence of job enlargement on employee performance in the railway industry in Kenya. Archives of Business Research, 6(5), 244–259. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.65.4608
Guo, M., Hu, L., & Ye, L. (2019). Cognition and driving safety: How does the high-speed railway drivers’ cognitive ability affect safety performance? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 65, 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.07.006
Guo, M., Liu, S., Chu, F., Ye, L., & Zhang, Q. (2019). Supervisory and coworker support for safety: Buffers between job insecurity and safety performance of high-speed railway drivers in China. Safety Science, 117(July 2018), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.04.017
Guo, Z., Zou, J., He, C., Tan, X., Chen, C., & Feng, G. (2020). The importance of cognitive and mental factors on prediction of job performance in Chinese high-speed railway dspatchers. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2020(1), https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7153972
Habba, D., Modding, B., Bima, M. J., & Bijang, J. (2017). The effect of leadership, organisational culture and work motivation on job satisfaction and job performance among civil servants in Maros District technical working unit. IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267), 7(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n1.p7
Hasan, H., Syed Wahid, S. N., Jais, M., Mustapha, M., & Md Pauzi, S. F. (2020). The effect of uncertainty avoidance on job performance of government employees in Pahang Darul Makmur: A regression analysis approach. Communications in Computational and Applied Mathematics, 2(2), 13–16. http://fazpublishing.com/ccam/index.php/ccam/article/view/43
Hashemi, S. E., Asheghi, M., & Naami, A. (2019). Relationship of mindfulness and cognitive defusion to burnout, openness to change and adaptive performance with mediating role of psychological flexibility: A case study of iran south railway company. NeuroQuantology, 17(6), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2019.17.6.2344
Hewagama, G., Boxall, P., Cheung, G., & Hutchison, A. (2019). Service recovery through empowerment? HRM, employee performance and job satisfaction in hotels. International
Journal of Hospitality Management, 81(August 2018), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.03.006
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalising cultures:The Hofstede Model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Culture and organizations. In International Studies of Management & Organization (Vol. 10, Issue 4). McGraw Hill. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300
Ibrahim, A. N. H., Borhan, M. N., Yusoff, N. I. M., Ismail, A., Yazid, M. R. M., Yunin, N. A. M., & Sotaro, Y. (2021). Gender and age do matter: Exploring the effect of passengers’ gender and age on the perception of light rail transit service quality in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020990
Ibrahim, Borhan, Zakaria, & Zainal. (2019). Effectiveness of commuter rail service toward passenger’s satisfaction: A case study from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8(1.2), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i1.2.24871
Isai, K. I. A., Kadiresan, V., Jayabalan, N., Mohamed Makhbul, Z. K., Ibrahim, M. N. A., Sio Ching, H., Naidu Kanan, V., & Ramalingam, S. (2020). Customer satisfaction and commuter service: An evaluation of Intercity Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) performance delivery.
Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(5), 95–124. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v5i5.402
Ismail, R., & Zainal Abidin, S. (2010). Impact of workers ’ competence on their performance in the Malaysian private service sector. Business and Economic Horizons, 2(2), 25–36. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=216971
Jeong, Y., Kim, E., Kim, M., & Zhang, J. J. (2019). Exploring relationships among organizational culture, empowerment, and organizational citizenship behavior in the South Korean professional sport industry. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195412
June, S., Kheng, Y. K., & Mahmood, R. (2013). Determining the importance of competency and person-job fit for the job performance of service SMEs employees in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 9(10), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n10p114
Kaplan, M., & Kaplan, A. (2018). The relationship between organizational commitment and work performance: A case of industrial enterprises. Journal of Economic and Social Development (JESD), 5(1), 46–50.
http://acikerisim.nevsehir.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11787/1776/A1.pdf?sequence=1
Kim, T. Y., & Liu, Z. (2015). Taking charge and employee outcomes: The moderating effect of emotional competence. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(5), 775–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1109537
Kindarto, A., Zhu, Y. Q., & Gardner, D. G. (2020). Full Range Leadership styles and government IT team performance: The critical roles of follower and team competence. Public Performance and Management Review, 43(4), 889–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2020.1730198
Krishnan, R. C., Abu Said, A. M., Razak, M. R. A., & Ahmed, E. M. (2020). Talent management practices impact on Malaysian SMIs managers job performance. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 17(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2020.105338
Kuo, T., & Tsai, G. Y. (2019). The effects of employee perceived organisational culture on performance: The moderating effects of management maturity. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 30(3–4), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2017.1302327
Lau, I., Jie, C., Zainal, M., Harun, M., & Djubair, R. A. (2020). Effect of power distance and uncertainty avoidance on employees ’ job performance : Preliminary findings. Journal of Technology Management and Business Vol. 7 No. 2 (2020) 69-82 . https://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/jtmb/article/view/7135
Lau, P. Y. Y., McLean, G. N., Hsu, Y. C., & Lien, B. Y. H. (2017). Learning organization, organizational culture, and affective commitment in Malaysia: A person-organization fit theory. Human Resource Development International, 20(2), 159–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2016.1246306
Lin, Y. (2021). A study on the relationship between project management competency, job performance and job motivation in e-commerce industry. Measuring Business Excellence, 25(1), 24–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-10-2020-0144
Liu, Y., Ye, L., & Guo, M. (2019). The influence of occupational calling on safety performance among train drivers: The role of work engagement and perceived organizational support. Safety Science, 120(3), 374–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.07.025
Mat, A., Bahry, N. S., Kori, N. L., Munir, Z. A., & Daud, N. M. (2019). The influence of service quality and passenger satisfaction towards Electric Train Services (ETS): A PLS-SEM approach. Foundations of Management, 11(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2019-0005
Meng, J., & Berger, B. K. (2019). The impact of organizational culture and leadership performance on PR professionals’ job satisfaction: Testing the joint mediating effects of engagement and trust. Public Relations Review, 45(1), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.11.002
Mercurio, Z. A. (2015). Affective Commitment as a core essence of organizational commitment: An integrative literature review. Human Resource Development Review, 14(4), 389–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484315603612
Meswantri, M., & Awaludin, A. (2018). Determinant of employee engagement and its implications on employee performance. International Review of Management and Marketing, 8(3), 36–44. http:www.econjournals.com
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology., 63, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20–52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842
Mihardjo, L. W. W., Jermsittiparsert, K., Ahmed, U., Chankoson, T., & Iqbal Hussain, H. (2021).
Impact of key HR practices (human capital, training and rewards) on service recovery performance with mediating role of employee commitment of the Takaful industry of the Southeast Asian region. Education and Training, 63(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-08-2019-0188
Mohd Nasurdin, A., Tan, C. L., & Naseer Khan, S. (2020). Can high performance work practices and satisfaction predict job performance?An examination of the Malaysian private health-care sector. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQSS-06-2019-0090
MOT (2019). National Transport Policy 2019-2030. http://dpn.mot.gov.my/BukuDPNbm.pdf Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). Motowidlo & Borman (1997).pdf. In
Human Performance (Vol. 10, Issue 2, pp. 71–83).
Motowidlo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance (Vol. 10, Issue 2, pp. 71–83). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_1
Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.475
Mowday, R. T., Poret, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee-Organization Linkages. In Assessment Centers and Managerial Performance. Academic Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-690620-2.50001-5
Novita, Y., Arifin, A. H., Dameria, E., & Gesta Putri, R. (2021). The relationship of recruitment and career development on employees competency and performance in Some Shariah Bank in Aceh. Indonesian Journal of Educational Review, 8(1), 1–14. http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/ijer/article/view/21704
Ojo, O. (2009). Impact assessment of corporate culture on employee job performance. Business Intelligence Journal, 2(2), 388–397. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose-VargasHernandez/publication/26844794_Atenquique's_environmental_and_economic_develop
ment_shrinkage_in_Globalization_era/links/0c9605255db02b535e000000/Atenquiques-environmental-and-economic-development-shrinkage-in-Globalization-era.pdf#page=136
Olsen, E., & Mikkelsen, A. (2021). Development and investigation of a new model explaining job performance and uncertainty among nurses and physicians. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010164
Patro, C. S. (2020). An Evaluation of Employees’ Competence Towards the Development of a Learning Organization. International Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(4), 26–41. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijkm.2020100102
Potnuru, R. K. G., Sahoo, C. K., & Sharma, R. (2019). Team building, employee empowerment and employee competencies: Moderating role of organizational learning culture. European Journal of Training and Development, 43(1–2), 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-08-2018-0086
Pradhan, R. K., & Jena, L. K. (2017). Employee performance at workplace: Conceptual model and empirical validation. Business Perspectives and Research, 5(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533716671630
Raharjo, K., Nurjannah, Solimun, & Achmad Rinaldo Fernandes, A. (2018). The influence of organizational culture and job design on job commitment and human resource performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(7), 1346–1367. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-07-2017-0286
Robbins, S. R., & Judge, T. A. (2005). Organizational behavior (15th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
Roelofsen, P. (2002). The impact of office environments on employee performance: The design of the workplace as a strategy for productivity enhancement. Journal of Facilities Management, 1(3), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/14725960310807944
Saad, G. Ben, & Abbas, M. (2018). The impact of organizational culture on job performance: A study of Saudi Arabian public sector work culture. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16(3), 207–218. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(3).2018.17
Sahertian, O. L., Setiawan, M., & Sunaryo. (2020). Culture and employee performance: The mediating role of personality and commitment. Management Science Letters, 10(7), 1567–1574. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.12.010
Sahrir Abd Aziz, Roziah Kasim, & Mohd Idrus Mohd Masirin. (2018). Railway development and the impact to Malaysian economy. Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, 10(6), 272–280. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rozilah-Kasim/publication/329525887_Railway_Development_and_the_Impact_to_Malaysian_Econom y/links/5c0df2cd4585157ac1b6bf0e/Railway-Development-and-the-Impact-to-Malaysian-Economy.pdf
Salman, M., Ganie, S. A., & Saleem, I. (2020). The concept of competence: A thematic review and discussion. European Journal of Training and Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-10-2019-0171
Sapta, I. K. S., Muafi, M., Setini, & Ni Made. (2020). The Role of Technology, Organizational Culture, and Job Satisfaction in Improving Employee Performance during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 495–505. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.495
Sashkin, M., & Rosenbach, W. E. (2013). Organizational Culture Assessment Questionnaire. 1–12. http://cimail15.efop.org/documents/OCAQParticipantManual.pdf
Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership. In Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741 www.josseybass.com (Vol. 31). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.156
Schmitt, N., Cortina, J. M., Ingerick, M. J., & Wiechmann, D. (2003). Personnel selection and employee performance. In I. B. Weiner, W. C. Borman, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology: Vol. 12 Industry (Issue 1). John Wiley & Sons Inc. http://nozdr.ru/data/media/biblio/kolxoz/B/Weiner%20I.B.,%20et%20al.%20(eds.)%20Handboo k%20of%20psychology.%20V.12.%20Industrial%20and%20organizational%20psychology%20 (Wiley,%202003)(ISBN%200471384089)(664s).pdf#page=94
Semedo, A. S., Coelho, A., & Ribeiro, N. (2016). Effects of authentic leadership, affective commitment and job resourcefulness on employees’ creativity and individual performance. The Eletronic Library, 34(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-02-2015-0029
Shaharudin, M. R., Zainoddin, A. I., Akbar, J., Abdullah, D., & Saifullah, N. H. (2018). Determinants of the passengers’ Light Rail Transit usage in the Klang Valley Malaysia. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 7(6), 231–241.
Sharma, J., & Dhar, R. L. (2016). Factors influencing job performance of nursing staff: Mediating role of affective commitment. Personnel Review, 45(1), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2014-0007
Shore, L. M., & Wayne, S. J. (1993). Commitment and employee behavior: Comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), 774–780. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-9731.2017.01.007
Singh, J. S. K., & Mahmud, N. H. N. (2018). Expatriates self-motivation, competencies, job performance and cultural adjustment: Empirical evidence from the ICT sector in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), 7(3), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.21.17158
Sivalai, T., & Rojnirutti, N. (2018). State railway of Thailand employee performance: A structural
equation model analysis. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 18(3), 72–86. https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=867c46f7-545e-4827-853d
Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2002). Performance: Concept, theory, and predictors. Psychological Management of Individual Performance, 1–24. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1002/0470013419.ch1
Sonnentage, S., Volmer, J., & Spychala, A. (2008). Job performance. In J. Barling & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational behavior. SAGE Publishing 2008. https://www.pdfdrive.com/the-sage-handbook-of-organizational-behavior-volume-one-micro-approaches-e157847425.html
Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2019). Determining the impact of entrepreneurial orientation and organizational culture on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and employee’s performance. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 8(3), 266–282. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-12-2018-0142
Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at work: Models for superior performance.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sun, S. (2009). Organizational culture and its themes. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(12), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v3n12p137
Swalhi, A., Zgoulli, S., & Hofaidhllaoui, M. (2017). The influence of organizational justice on job performance: The mediating effect of affective commitment. Journal of Management Development, 36(4), 542–559. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-11-2015-0162
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on models of job performance. In International Journal of Selection and Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00151
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2005). Job performance: Assessment issues in personnel selection. In A. Evers, N. Anderson, & O. Smit-Voskuijil (Eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Personnel Selection. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://www.pdfdrive.com/the-blackwell-handbook-of-personnel-selection-blackwell-handbooks-in-management-e184969821.html
Wallach, E. J. (1983). Individuals and organizations: The cultural match. , Vol 37(2), Feb 1983, 28-
36. Training & Development Journal (Vol. 37, Issue 2, pp. 28–36). https://web-p-ebscohost-com.ezadmin.upm.edu.my/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=b92f0a12-e062-47ec-9d36-6364e125867a%40redis
Wassem, M., Baig, S. A., Abrar, M., Hashim, M., Zia-Ur-Rehman, M., Awan, U., Amjad, F., & Nawab, Y. (2019). Impact of capacity building and managerial support on employees’ performance: The moderating role of employees’ retention. SAGE Open, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019859957
Wei, W., Guo, M., Ye, L., Liao, G., & Yang, Z. (2016). Work-family conflict and safety participation of high-speed railway drivers: Job satisfaction as a mediator. Accident Analysis and Prevention,
95, 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.06.022
Yu, S., & Ko, Y. K. (2017). Communication competency as a mediator in the self-leadership to job performance relationship. Collegian, 24(5), 421–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2016.09.002
Yücel, İ., Ribeiro, N., & Gomes, D. R. (2020). Perceived organisational support and employees’ performance: The mediating role of affective commitment. International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, 19(3), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMED.2020.108713
Zawawi, A. A., & Nasurdin, A. M. (2020). The association between team skills and nursing team performance : A Malaysian perspective. International Journal of Care Scholars, 3(2), 3–16. https://journals.iium.edu.my/ijcs/index.php/ijcs/article/view/130
Zheng, W., Yang, B., & McLean, G. N. (2010). Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management. Journal of Business Research, 63(7), 763–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.06.005
Authors
Copyright (c) 2022 Rosli Mahmood, Raemah Abdullah Hashim, Azrin Abdul Majid

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
https://www.explorationpub.com/ueditor/php/upload/image/20220407/1649295240380692.png